Most disciplines have conferences (also called meetings, symposia, colloquia, etc.) where there are opportunities to present research, with some having more formal options to submit papers (which resemble journal articles). Some disciplines, like computer science, have many conferences and place high importance on conference papers. This page will cover presenting your research at such conferences.
Note: If you are a graduate student, speak to your supervisor/advisor about expectations around conferences.
Major societies usually have at least one conference per year, with some having multiple (even hundreds) of topic-specific conferences.
See specific societies for their annual conferences. A few sites try to list conferences from across the world across multiple societies or organizations are below. Once you identify a conference, be sure to go to the conference's official web site.